Anemia is defined as a reduction in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin, resulting in lower oxygen-carrying capacity. WHO definition of Anemia is- Hemoglobin less than 13gm/dL for Men and less than 12gm/dL for Women. In this post, we will cover the types of anemia chart and how to approach clinical diagnosis with the algorithm.
The diagnosis of anemia depends on lab investigations and a brief approach. However, most fail to achieve this since the textbooks define it in terms of classifications and categories. In this article, we will try to define exactly how to approach it in a specific pattern using a simple diagram.
The first aim is to establish whether the anemia is Microcytic, Normocytic, or Macrocytic. Upon identification, we can easily make out the specific diagnosis in most cases. Here are the types of anemia in a chart. If you need deep insights, follow our article below.
Before we proceed further, here is something I developed while studying the topic thoroughly:
Anemia Protocol (Under Development)
If you are a medical student, you can decode the following easily:
- Hb?
- High- PRV (Polycythemia Rubra Vera) (Primary- JAK2 + Low/Normal Erythropoietin, Secondary- Smoking + High Erythropoietin)
- Low?- Anemia
- MCV?
- Low- TAILS– Thalassemia, Anaemia of Chronic Disease, IDA, Lead poisoning, Sideroblastic anemia
- Serum Ferritin
- High>Thalassemia/Anaemia of Chronic Disease
- Low- IDA (increased transferrin and TIBC) (Associated with Plummer-Vinson- IDA + Glossitis + Oesophageal webs)
- High>Thalassemia/Anaemia of Chronic Disease
- Serum Ferritin
- High- Folate/Vitamin B12 Deficiency/Pernicious Anaemia, Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia/Hereditary Spherocytosis
- Reticulocytes? (Markers of Haemolysis- LDH, Indirect Bilirubin, Reticulocytes, Polychromasia, Decreased Haptoglobins)
- High- Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia/Hereditary Spherocytosis/G6PD Deficiency
- Spherocytosis/Positive Osmotic Fragility Test?
- Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia/Hereditary Spherocytosis
- Direct Coomb Test?
- Positive- Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia
- Negative- Hereditary Spherocytosis
- Direct Coomb Test?
- Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia/Hereditary Spherocytosis
- Nope
- G6PD Deficiency
- Spherocytosis/Positive Osmotic Fragility Test?
- Normal
- Fruits and Fegetables + Hypersegmented Neutrophils= Vitamin B12 (Pernicious Anaemia if associated autoimmune disease) (Fruits and vegetables have adequate Folic Acid)
- Beef and Bacon= Folic Acid (Beef and Bacon have adequate Vitamin B12)
- High- Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia/Hereditary Spherocytosis/G6PD Deficiency
- Reticulocytes? (Markers of Haemolysis- LDH, Indirect Bilirubin, Reticulocytes, Polychromasia, Decreased Haptoglobins)
- Low- TAILS– Thalassemia, Anaemia of Chronic Disease, IDA, Lead poisoning, Sideroblastic anemia
- MCV?
This is so far, the best type of anemia chart for a medical student preparing for PLAB or even preparing for NEET PG after MBBS.
- Pancytopenia- ALL, Lymphoma, Aplastic Anaemia
- ALL- Child, Pancytopenia, Blast cells on BM Biopsy
- Lymphoma- LNP Present (Reed-Sternberg Cells in Hodgkin/Irregular Small B Lymphocytes in Non-Hodgkin on BM Biopsy)
- Aplastic Anaemia- 2 out of 3- Hb<10, Platelets<50, Neutrophils<1.5
- Bone Marrow Aspirate / Biopsy- Reduction in all hemopoietic tissues replaced by fat spaces
Overview: Types of Anemia Chart
Evaluation of Anemia requires brief history and physical examination. You can also read our post on anemia concepts including diagnosis, complications, and treatment. Following are some clues to understanding the types of anemia chart:
History
The clinical history may reveal most of the clues to diagnosis. One must ask the following questions to achieve maximum outcome:
- Nutritional History
- Family History
- Geographical background
- Pregnancy
- Alcohol and Tobacco intake
- Association of other symptoms- lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, petechiae, etc.
Physical Examination
Of course, you have checked for pallor under the lower palpebral conjunctiva. But the following are signs you must also check while going through the types of anemia chart:
- Forceful heartbeat
- Strong peripheral pulses
- Systolic flow murmur
- Pale skin
- Lighter palmar creases
Laboratory Tests
Once you have got the clue, you may proceed to laboratory investigation for diagnosis of anemia. Following is the list of tests you may want to get done before proceeding to the anemia algorithm:
- Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- Peripheral Blood Smear
- Bone Marrow Examination
- Iron Supply Studies
1. Complete Blood Count
Complete blood count or CBC is an essential step in approaching the types of chart and will involve the following:
A. Red blood cell count (RBC)
- Hemoglobin
- Hematocrit
- Reticulocyte count
B. Red blood cell indices
- Mean cell volume (MCV)
- Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)
- Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
- Red cell distribution width (RDW)
C. White blood cell count
- Cell differential
- Nuclear segmentation of neutrophils
D. Platelet count
E. Cell morphology
- Cell size
- Hemoglobin content
- Anisocytosis
- Poikilocytosis
- Polychromasia
Check out our guide on the Basics of Reading Chest Xray.
2. Iron supply studies
- Serum iron
- Total iron-binding capacity
- Serum ferritin
3. Marrow examination
A. Aspirate
- M/E ratio
- Cell morphology
- Iron stain
B. Biopsy
- Cellularity
- Morphology
Approaching Types of Anemia Chart: Algorithm with CBC and Peripheral Blood Smear
Once the Complete blood count and peripheral blood smear test results in blood tests are up, you can follow the approach for anemia as given in this chart:
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
MCV is defined as the average volume of red blood cells. It is calculated as:
Mean Cell Volume (MCV) = (Hematocrit x 10) / Red Cell Count x 106)
The three conditions can come up with MCV:
- MCV less than 80
- MCV is between 80-100
- MCV above 100
Implication for each value of Mean Corpuscular Volume:
- MCV<80: Microcytic anemia- Small red blood cells
- MCV 80-100: Normocytic anemia- Normal-sized red blood cells
- MCV>80: Macrocytic anemia- Larger red blood cells than normal
For reference: Normal erythrocyte (RBC) volume in humans is 80 to 100 femtoliters (fL= 10−15 L)
Microcytic Anemia
Serum iron studies may reveal low iron and ferritin. However, TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity) differentiates between Iron deficiency anemia and Anemia of chronic disease. On the other hand, Mentzer Index is calculated to find if it is Thalassemia and further break down types of anemia chart.
Low Iron and Ferritin with High TIBC: Iron Deficiency Anemia
Low Iron and Ferrtin with Low TIBC: Anemia of Chronic Disease
Mentzer Index
The formula for Mentzer Index is as follows:
Mentzer Index = Mean corpuscular volume per red cell count
Mentzer Index = MCV/RBC
Interpretation of Mentzer Index
- Index<13- less than 13 suggests a thalassemia trait
- Index>13- more than 13 suggests that the patient has an Iron Deficiency or Anemia of Chronic Disease.
Normocytic Anemia
Reticulocyte count helps differentiate normocytic anemia into Hyper-proliferative and Hypo-proliferative. A normal reticulocyte count alone can help you rule out many other types of anemia in the chart.
Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells produced by Bone marrow. Reticulocyte actually predicts how fast red blood cells called reticulocytes are made by the bone marrow and released into the blood.
Normal range of Reticulocyte count: 0.5-1.5%
Hypo-proliferative: <2% Reticulocyte count
Seen in:
- Leukemia
- Aplastic anemia
- Pure red cell aplasia
Hyper-proliferative: >2% Reticulocyte count
Seen in:
- Hemorrhage
- Hemolytic anemia
Macrocytic Anemia
Megalocytes are large non-nucleated red cells. Basically, the normal red cells become large in size but same hemoglobin concentration. The presence of these megalocytes means Megaloblastic Anemia. This is crucial as the types of anemia chart can be broken down easily once you identify megaloblastic anemia.
Megaloblastic Anemia
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Folate deficiency
- Drug-Induced
- Non-Megaloblastic Anemia
- Alcohol abuse
- Myelodysplastic syndrome
- Liver disease
- Congenital bone marrow failure syndromes
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